Heart bypass surgery, also called coronary artery bypass grafting, may be recommended when coronary arteries are severely narrowed or blocked and blood flow to the heart needs to be restored. It may be considered when several arteries are affected, when there is significant narrowing of a major coronary artery, or when angioplasty is not suitable or has not worked. In some situations, bypass surgery may be performed urgently during a heart attack. The decision depends on the blockages, symptoms, heart function and overall health.

Bypass surgery treats blocked or narrowed coronary arteries by creating a new route for blood to reach the heart muscle. A healthy blood vessel is used to bypass the blocked artery. Valve surgery, on the other hand, treats a damaged or diseased heart valve. The surgeon may repair the valve or replace it with a mechanical or biological valve. The choice of procedure depends on the specific heart problem, its severity, symptoms and the patient's overall health.

Cardiothoracic surgery includes procedures involving the heart, lungs and chest. Common procedures include coronary artery bypass surgery, heart valve repair or replacement, surgery for certain congenital heart conditions and minimally invasive heart surgery. Depending on the condition, surgeons may also perform procedures involving the lungs and other structures within the chest. Some heart procedures can be performed through smaller incisions or with robotic assistance. The appropriate surgical approach depends on the condition, anatomy, overall health and treatment goals.

Before cardiothoracic surgery, the healthcare team reviews the patient's medical history, symptoms, medicines and existing health conditions. Tests may include blood tests, ECG, echocardiography and imaging studies, depending on the planned procedure. For bypass surgery, detailed evaluation of the coronary arteries may be required. The team also assesses factors that could affect surgical risk and recovery. This evaluation helps determine whether surgery is appropriate, which procedure is most suitable and how the patient should prepare.

Recovery depends on the type of surgery and the patient's overall health. After major heart surgery, patients are closely monitored in the hospital for breathing, heart rhythm, blood pressure and other signs of complications. Gradual movement, walking and breathing exercises are usually introduced during recovery. Cardiac rehabilitation may be recommended after bypass surgery to support safe return to activity and improve heart health. Recovery can take several weeks, and the timeline varies according to the procedure and individual progress.

You may need a cardiothoracic surgeon when tests identify a heart or chest condition that may require surgery, particularly when medicines or less invasive treatments are not sufficient. Referral may be considered for severe coronary artery disease, significant heart valve disease, certain congenital heart conditions or surgical conditions affecting the lungs and chest. A cardiologist or other specialist can determine whether a surgical opinion is appropriate. If surgery is recommended, the cardiothoracic surgeon can discuss the procedure, alternatives, potential risks and expected recovery.