You should consider seeing an orthopedic doctor if bone or joint pain persists, keeps returning or begins interfering with daily activities. Persistent stiffness, swelling, reduced range of motion, weakness or difficulty walking can also warrant evaluation. Specialist assessment is particularly important after an injury that causes significant pain, swelling, deformity or difficulty using the affected area. Early evaluation can help identify the cause and determine whether nonsurgical treatment, rehabilitation or surgery may be appropriate.

Diagnosis usually begins with a medical history and physical examination to assess pain, swelling, strength, stability and range of motion. Depending on the suspected condition, imaging may include X-rays, MRI, CT scans or ultrasound. X-rays can show bone damage and changes in joint spaces, while MRI provides detailed images of cartilage, tendons and ligaments. Blood tests or joint fluid analysis may also be recommended when doctors need to investigate inflammatory arthritis, gout, infection or other causes of joint symptoms.

Joint replacement may be considered when severe joint damage causes persistent pain and significantly limits movement or daily activities, particularly when other treatments have not provided adequate relief. It is commonly performed for advanced arthritis affecting the hip or knee. Before recommending surgery, the orthopedic surgeon evaluates symptoms, joint function, imaging findings, overall health and previous treatments. Joint replacement involves removing damaged joint surfaces and replacing them with artificial components designed to improve function and reduce pain.

Nonsurgical treatment depends on the condition and may include physical therapy, exercises to improve strength and flexibility, medicines for pain or inflammation, activity modification, braces or other supportive devices and selected injections. Maintaining a healthy weight and staying physically active with appropriate low-impact exercise can also help manage certain joint conditions. The treatment plan is tailored to the underlying problem, symptoms and overall health. A specialist may recommend a combination of approaches rather than relying on one treatment alone.

Orthopedic and sports medicine specialists commonly treat injuries involving muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints and bones. These can include sprains, strains, ligament injuries, tendon injuries, cartilage damage, fractures and joint dislocations. Commonly affected areas include the knee, shoulder, ankle, hip and elbow. Some injuries occur suddenly during sports, while others develop gradually because of repetitive stress or overuse. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the injury and may involve rehabilitation, medication, supportive care or surgery.

Regular physical activity can help strengthen the muscles surrounding joints and support mobility. Choose exercises appropriate for your fitness level and include activities that improve strength, flexibility and balance. Maintaining a healthy weight can reduce stress on weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips. Using appropriate protective equipment during sports, gradually increasing exercise intensity and allowing adequate recovery can also help reduce injury risk. If you have an existing joint condition or persistent pain, seek professional guidance before starting a new exercise programme.