Consider seeing a dermatologist when a rash, itching, irritation or other skin change does not improve, keeps returning or begins affecting your daily life. Specialist evaluation may also be appropriate for unexplained hair loss, persistent nail changes, rapidly changing skin lesions or symptoms that do not respond to initial treatment. A dermatologist can determine whether the problem is inflammatory, infectious, allergic or related to another condition and recommend appropriate testing or treatment.

Diagnosis often begins with a detailed history and examination of the skin, hair or nails. A dermatologist may assess the appearance, location, distribution and progression of a condition and ask about symptoms, medications, allergies, personal and family history and possible triggers. If the diagnosis is unclear, additional tests may be used, including skin scrapings, cultures, allergy testing or a skin biopsy. The aim is to identify the underlying cause rather than treating symptoms based only on their appearance.

Treatment depends on the condition, severity, affected area and individual factors. Acne may be treated with topical medicines, oral medicines or other dermatological procedures. Eczema is commonly managed with moisturizers, trigger avoidance and medicines that reduce inflammation when needed. Psoriasis treatment can include topical therapies, phototherapy and systemic medicines, including biologic treatments for selected patients. Other skin disorders may require antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral or specialized treatments. A dermatologist selects therapy according to the diagnosis and response to treatment.

A mole or skin lesion should be evaluated if it is new, changes in size, shape or colour, develops an irregular appearance, or begins itching, bleeding or otherwise changing. The ABCDE features — asymmetry, an irregular border, varied colour, increasing diameter and evolving appearance — can help identify lesions that warrant attention. However, not every unusual-looking mole is cancerous, and some skin cancers do not follow these features. A dermatologist can examine a suspicious lesion and perform a biopsy when necessary.

Protecting your skin starts with regular sun protection, including seeking shade, wearing protective clothing and using a broad-spectrum sunscreen as appropriate. Avoiding tanning beds and limiting excessive ultraviolet exposure can reduce skin damage and skin-cancer risk. Gentle cleansing and regular moisturization can support the skin barrier, while avoiding known irritants may help prevent flare-ups of certain conditions. Do not share personal items such as towels or razors when infections are a concern, and seek professional advice for persistent or unexplained skin changes.

A dermatology consultation usually begins with a discussion of your main concern, when it started, how it has changed and any treatments you have already tried. The dermatologist will examine the affected skin, hair or nails and may examine other areas when appropriate. If needed, additional testing such as a skin biopsy or laboratory investigation may be recommended. You can also expect to discuss treatment options, skincare or lifestyle measures, expected results and when you should return for follow-up.