The appropriate frequency of dental visits varies depending on your oral health, risk of cavities or gum disease, age, medical history and previous dental problems. Some people may need check-ups more frequently, while others may be able to visit less often. During routine appointments, the dentist can examine the teeth and gums, identify early problems and recommend preventive care. Rather than following a fixed schedule for everyone, discuss with your dentist how often you need an examination and professional cleaning.

Treatment depends on how advanced the problem is. Early tooth decay may sometimes be managed with fluoride and improved oral hygiene, while cavities that have formed may require a filling. More extensive decay can affect the inner tooth and may require root canal treatment or extraction. Gum disease is generally managed by improving oral hygiene and removing plaque and tartar through professional cleaning; more advanced disease may require deep cleaning or periodontal treatment. Regular follow-up helps monitor the response to treatment.

A root canal may be recommended when the pulp, the soft tissue inside a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels, becomes inflamed or infected and cannot recover on its own. This can happen because of deep decay, repeated dental procedures, cracks or trauma. During treatment, the infected or damaged pulp is removed, the inside of the tooth is cleaned and sealed, and the tooth is typically restored to protect its function. Treating the tooth can help relieve symptoms and avoid extraction when the tooth can be saved.

Good oral hygiene is central to preventing many dental problems. Brush your teeth twice a day with fluoride toothpaste and clean between your teeth regularly using floss or another recommended interdental aid. Limit frequent consumption of sugary foods and drinks, and avoid tobacco products. Regular dental examinations and professional cleanings can help detect problems early and manage plaque or tartar that cannot be removed effectively at home. Fluoride exposure, appropriate to your individual needs, can also help strengthen teeth and reduce the risk of decay.

Extraction may be considered when a tooth is severely damaged or decayed and cannot be predictably restored, or in situations such as certain impacted wisdom teeth, advanced gum disease or other dental conditions. Dental surgery may also be needed for specific problems involving the teeth, gums or jaw. Whenever possible, dentists generally consider whether a natural tooth can be preserved through restorative treatment. The recommended approach depends on the condition of the tooth, surrounding tissues, symptoms and overall oral health.

Sudden tooth pain or swelling should be assessed by a dentist, particularly if it is severe, persistent or worsening. It may be caused by decay, infection, trauma or another dental problem requiring treatment. Do not place aspirin directly on the tooth or gum, as this can damage the tissue. If swelling is accompanied by difficulty breathing or swallowing, swelling of the face or neck, or significant systemic illness, seek emergency medical attention immediately, as these can be signs of a serious infection.