Interventional radiology can be used to manage a wide range of conditions involving blood vessels and different organs. Depending on the patient's condition, procedures may be used to treat blocked or narrowed blood vessels, internal bleeding, certain tumours, fluid collections, abscesses and urinary or biliary blockages. Interventional radiologists can also perform image-guided biopsies and drainage procedures. The appropriate treatment depends on the diagnosis, location and severity of the condition and whether a minimally invasive approach is suitable.

An image-guided procedure may be considered when a condition can be safely accessed and treated without conventional open surgery. It may be particularly useful when precise access to a specific blood vessel, organ or abnormal area is required, or when a patient may benefit from a less invasive approach. The decision depends on the condition, available treatment options, the patient's overall health and the expected benefits and risks. Some procedures are used alongside surgery or other treatments rather than as a replacement.

Common procedures include image-guided biopsies, abscess and fluid drainage, placement of feeding or drainage tubes, vascular procedures such as angioplasty and stenting, and treatments designed to control internal bleeding. Depending on expertise and the patient's condition, interventional radiologists may also perform procedures such as tumour ablation, embolization and treatments for certain vascular or biliary problems. Many procedures are performed through a small needle puncture or catheter rather than a large surgical incision.

Imaging allows the interventional radiologist to see the target area and guide instruments during the procedure. Ultrasound can provide real-time views of soft tissues and blood vessels, while X-ray and CT imaging can help guide needles, catheters and other devices to the intended location. The specialist may use one imaging method or combine techniques depending on the procedure. Continuous image guidance helps the team position instruments accurately and monitor treatment while reducing unnecessary injury to surrounding structures.

Potential benefits include smaller access points, less tissue disruption, reduced pain and a shorter recovery compared with some conventional surgical approaches. Certain procedures can also be performed with sedation or local anaesthesia rather than general anaesthesia, depending on the intervention. However, interventional radiology is still associated with risks, which vary by procedure and may include bleeding, infection, injury to nearby structures, allergic reactions or complications related to contrast material. Your specialist will discuss the specific risks and benefits before treatment.

Ask what the procedure is intended to achieve, why it is recommended and whether there are alternatives, including conventional surgery or medical treatment. Discuss how the procedure will be performed, what type of anaesthesia or sedation may be used, how long it is expected to take and whether you will need to stay in hospital. Ask about potential complications, recovery and activity restrictions, as well as any medicines, fasting or other preparation required beforehand. Understanding the expected benefits and risks can help you make an informed decision.